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Harry
Hawker
Harry George Hawker.
Harry George Hawker, the second son of a Moorabbin blacksmith of
Cornish blood was born in a small rented terrace cottage in
Wickham Rd., on January 22, 1889. When he was born, John King
and his wife Deborah, the original settlers of the Moorabbin
district were still living on the land which they had pioneered
as the first white settlers to take up residence.
Australia itself had only been established 101 years and already
there was a new era which in turn heralded a crisp challenge to
a coming generation to face up to the machine age. Harry Hawker
although still a schoolboy was ever eager to accept that
challenge so much so in fact that he disregarded the essential
pre-requisite of a sound primary education.
His first tuition was gained at the Worthing Road State School,
Moorabbin, but the depression coupled with his own lack of
interest in basic education saw him move to another three
schools in the six short years of learning that represented the
only schooling he was ever to enjoy. The fourth and final school
that he attended was at Brighton and it was from here that this
lad with the great mechanical mind finally decided to abscond
from school for all time to accept five shillings per week from
the motor firm of Hall and Wardens at a time when the adult wage
had reached an all time high at six shillings per day. But to
Hawker a paid job in the field of mechanical engineering was all
that mattered.
Moorabbin State School at Worthing Road, C1910.
He became known through the local districts as a man who could
set the most stubborn of motors in action within a very short
space of time. The monetary reward was excellent but success as
it was later to be proven always brought restlessness to Hawker
who was ever eager to improve upon his immediate lot.
The automobile trade has been a valuable one for him. It had
been the means of gaining jobs outside his normal employment
hours. He had no fears about leaving the trade as he could
always come back to it, but to become an aviator in his own
country – the thought was almost laughable.
In 1910 an aviation event which stirred the air-minded people of
the whole world – caused a restlessness amongst the keenest of
the keen that was hard to overcome. It was the London to Paris
air race. In London the great pioneers of world aviation, first
known as aeronauts and later as aviators, assembled to prepare
for the first massed attempt at crossing the English Channel by
heavier than air machines. England became the centre of
attraction of thousands of would-be British flyers, including
many Australians, who realised the hopelessness of waiting for
the new mode of adventure to reach their own shore.
Hawker believed that in England he would soon learn to fly and
the young man of scarcely 22 years of age left his native shores
hoping of success in the new sphere and perhaps at the same time
wondering if he was doing the right thing. With three other
Australians, Hawker arrived in England in May; and in the spring
of 1911, he felt the need for a holiday more urgent than of the
task of looking for work. However when after a short rest he
foresaw the difficulty involved, he regretted having taken the
break, as the employment position was not what he believed it to
be. As he was to find out later the problem that facing him was
a general one which also confronted the English mechanic as well
as those from various parts of the globe.
The position was created by the enthusiasm of England’s own
youth who were already working as motor mechanics and were
lining up at airport employment offices eager to break into
newer mechanical field. Anyone without references just did not
stand a chance and Hawker, 10,000 miles from home, had not the
word of one referee in writing. Then as he moved from one
workshop to another, first in the aircraft industry and then in
the motor car trade, he began to realise what his neglect was
costing. Without documentation, he couldn’t even get a trade
test let alone a job.
One of his main disadvantage s was that by this time he was an
adult and as such his services were more costly to the employer.
As an ‘unknown’ he was considered a risk and what was needed was
someone to explain, how his ability had always kept pace with
the remuneration he received for his services at home and, with
a pool of employers only too anxious to place him on the
payroll. But towards the end of July 1911, when he had fully
made up his mind to return to Australia, he received an offer of
steady employment from the Commer motor firm and decided to
postpone the plan.
By February 1912, things were again improving through a new job
at the Mercedes Company at two and a half pence an hour more.
Next thoughts were ‘should I go home as planned or spend the
money I have on flying lessons?’ Later an invitation came to
visit the foreman of the Austro-Daimler Company. This led to a
better position again than his previous one, although he had
still to break into the somewhat exclusive aircraft industry.
The temptation to return to Victoria as a top rate mechanic
presented itself but was overwhelmed by another urging him to
stay on until the opportunity to enter a cockpit presented
itself. That opportunity came to him per medium of the Sopwith
Aviation Company at Brooklands early in the summer of 1912 after
he had been advised by a friend to call on Mr Sigrist at the
company’s airport hangar. Actually the Sopwith Company had a
work force of 14, and Hawker became the fifteenth member. The
business of the company centred around a flying school and the
building of the Howard Wright biplane, but to Harry Hawker it
was the opening of a complete world of aviation.
Harry Hawker was employed as a mechanic with the small Sopwith
company and scarcely had he been placed on the payroll when he
began lessons in flying as a pupil of Sopwith, his employer. He
paid for his tuition from £40 which he had managed to save from
wages during the time he had been employed by the various
automobile manufacturers. Hawker was an outstanding pupil who
was ready for solo four days after receiving his first lesson.
Here was a natural pilot who had learned so much from merely
watching others take their machines into the air and land them
at Brooklands that everyone came to him quite readily, and in
September he was granted his flying ticket. Then within a matter
of days he was giving instruction to other newcomers to the
craze and gaining success as a tutor. But like all routine
practices, that of flying instructor soon became a bore to Harry
once he had recouped the cost of his own lessons, and he was
again in search of adventure, this time in the form of
competitive flying.
The British Empire Michelin Cup was his first attempt in this
field. Taking advantage of the calm atmosphere Hawker glided his
machine gracefully but carefully in order to maintain the
greatest possible altitude, then, drifting into a side slip, the
plane into a banking exercise to the renewed sound of the
clattering airscrews and motor, only to be silent again and
repeat the previous act.
The Sopwith Company men had gone to the trouble to rebuild the
American Burgess-Wright biplane which had had a twin propeller,
and to modify it to their own design in order to meet the
competition requirements. He had to stay aloft as long as was
humanly possible. After eight hours and 23 minutes after
take-off the casual, smiling pilot lifted his frame from the
cockpit as the new duration flight champion. He had gained the
Michelin Cup No 1 and won the £500 prize money. Hawker had
shattered the record.
Despite the fact that Hawker had left school at the age of 12,
he managed to gain his ambition to become an aviator. After
suffering the hardships that meet the technically unqualified he
reached another goal, but still his mission was far from
complete in that he wanted to fly his machine high above the
trees and farms that flourished in his native soil in the Parish
of Moorabbin.
Hawker was fully convinced that the aeroplane had a definite
future but there was still a lot of others, important people
like heads of government and those with capital to finance
production who were sceptical about the whole idea. Too many
ordinary people, even among his own admirers, regarded the
machine as something of an aerial bicycle on which the rider
performed his feats in the sky instead of at a velodrome.
With the offer of prizes now being made Hawker saw the means of
making flying a paying proposition. Geoffrey De Havilland’s
endurance record of 10,650 feet was his first target in this new
plan to prove the ability of his machine. The £50 offered by the
Brooklands Automobile Club as a prize to anyone who could go
higher provided the incentive to meet the challenge.
Hawker climbed into the Tractor Biplane (another of Sopwith’s
products) and the aircraft rose into the calm wind of the day
and circled above the heads of the crowd. When it finally landed
there alighted the new solo height champion, Harry Hawker, with
11,451 feet to his credit. But it was not good enough for Harry.
He was soon to be seen taking off with a passenger whom he took
higher than he had gone solo. He later followed up by taking two
passengers to another record breaking effort, then in July of
the same year four men rose to a height of 8400 feet with Hawker
again at the controls.
That was good enough in any man’s book, it had proven beyond all
doubt that given the correct design and power to match it, an
aircraft could extend itself beyond the one-man carrying stage
and lift a good number of passengers safely having at the same
time ability if required to rise in inclement weather to the
safety of a higher altitude.
More than two years passed since his arrival in England and now
that his mission had been achieved Harry George Hawker felt the
need to return to his native Australia and the Parish of
Moorabbin where he had planned to make his first flight in his
own country. He had funds – enough to buy his own aircraft to
crate back to Melbourne, pay his fare and keep himself until
orders for machines from Australians could perhaps set him up in
business in Victoria.
Hawker was met by friends soon after the ‘Maloja’ had berthed
and was taken to the St Kilda Town Hall, where he was greeted by
the Mayor of St Kilda and citizens and councillors from St
Kilda, Brighton and Moorabbin. After the reception the aviator
had one thought uppermost in his mind and that was to again
experience the thrill of flight, but first of all the Sopwith
was scheduled for a ground display at the C. L.C. Motor and
Engineering Works in Melbourne. Then came the long awaited
flight over Melbourne’s suburbs, the first of which began from a
paddock in New St., Brighton, as a solo test flight, but
eventually took in an aerial display over the whole of the
Parish of Moorabbin, which included the City of Brighton and the
Shire of Moorabbin.
The first flight was intended to be something of an unofficial
take-off and landing in the shape of a ‘circuit and bump’ affair
but by the time that Harry had carried out a ground run to check
his ‘revs’ people were beginning to gather in anticipation of a
flying performance and Hawker was not the kind to ignore their
interest. Climbing to about 1000 feet he circled the near
vicinity, intending to land, only to see the pupils of the
Sandringham State School in the south assembling in the
playground to greet him, so with a swift bank at about 200 feet,
the plane swooped low over the school with the pilot’s arm
clearly visible returning the waves of the teachers and the
pupils. Further south again, the Mordialloc State School was
ready and received the same exchange of greetings.
Never was a welcome more sincere and never was one more
appreciative. There was not a school nor a home nor a farm or
business premise where the occupants did not turn out in force
to greet the successful aviator. What was to be a five minute
circuit and bump test flight ended after 50 minutes of furious
waving.
After the exchange of greetings came the business side of the
adventure and the triumphant airman found no difficulty, as he
turned his attention towards barnstorming, in bringing in
passengers at £20 at a time.
On February 7, 1914 a Saturday, Hawker had signed himself up to
a promoter, Albert Soulthorpe, of Swanston Street, Melbourne, to
give ‘a public display of aviation at Caulfield Racecourse or
other suitable grounds’. Proceeds were to be equally divided
between the promoter and the aviator. Again the Moorabbin people
turned out in full force, but only to become insignificant in
their numbers against the thousands who arrived from other parts
of the metropolitan area and beyond.
Harry Hawker's plane the Tabloid Sopwith on the Elsternwick Golf
Course. In the foreground is Harry's father, George. 1914.
The following Friday was in fact Friday 13, but it was not
regarded as unlucky by Harry and his intended passengers. It was
a V.I.P. day for Hawker and the plane with ‘SOPWITH’ boldly
printed along the fuselage. One passenger was the Minister for
Defence, Mr Millen, who thereby became the first Australian
Defence Minister ever to go aloft. He was of course suitably
impressed, but recorded no comment that was strong enough to
bring forth aircraft orders on behalf of the Commonwealth
Government.
Hawker could not wait. He had to be back in England in time for
the flying season which would reach its height in June, and
after a few short weeks in Australia he was off on the return
journey. At Caulfield everything was back to normal, although it
has since been noticed that there is a bent lightning conductor
on the tower of a convent, which a number of people say lost its
straightness when Hawker’s Sopwith struck it on a landing
approach.
The Sopwith ‘Tabloid’ as the plane which Hawker brought to
Melbourne was known, was produced at the Kingston factory of
Sopwiths for the first time in November 1913, and in bringing it
to Australia, Hawker was giving his people the opportunity to
see the very latest in aircraft design. But there was something
very special about the ‘Tabloid’ in that it was to prove a point
that eventually led to the biplane being produced in preference
to the monoplane for a number of years to follow. It was Hawker
who proved by looping the loop in the Sopwith ‘Tabloid; that in
the long run biplanes were more manoeuvrable and (when properly
designed to the correct wing stagger) were also faster.
It was largely due to the ultimate proof presented by Harry
Hawker that World War I was fought with biplanes rather than
their single winged counterparts, monoplanes. But in his efforts
to prove this theory, Hawker suffered a permanent injury when
looping the ‘Tabloid’ with the motor idling. In one of a series
of loops designed to test the machine to its utmost, the
airframe stalled and went into a tailspin to land with a clumsy
thud among the trees adjacent to the aerodrome. Harry suffered a
back injury which although only appearing to be slight at the
time, gradually became worse during the few years of life that
followed.
But the war was close at hand and Hawker became the chief test
pilot of the Sopwith group. This was his wartime occupation and
three months before the cessation of hostilities the name of
Harry George Hawker appeared in the Birthday Honours list as a
Member of the Order of the British Empire. The citation referred
to his work in the development of a number of aeroplanes such as
the ‘1 ½ Strutter’, the ‘Camel’, the ‘Pup’, the ‘Triplane’, the
‘Dolphin’ and the ‘Snipe’.
Mr Tom Young, the Mayor of Moorabbin, Cr H Stevens, Mr Arthur
Saunders, Mr Harry Hawker, Mr Tom Sheehy, Messrs Bill and Bob
Chamberlain and Mr Leo Whelan with a propeller believed to come
from plane which Hawker flew at his demonstration over Caulfield
race course, 1966. Leader Collection.
In the ‘Atlantic’ a Sopwith plane, Hawker set out with Commander
Grieve in Newfoundland to fly the Atlantic. The ‘Atlantic’ was a
single-engine biplane with 350 horsepower Rolls Royce engine
weighing 850 lbs. The all up weight of the plane was 2850 lbs
and it had a maximum speed of 118 miles per hour.
Frustrated by bad weather, which delayed the flight from the
very beginning, Hawker and Grieve decided to chance the elements
on May 18, 1919, after a seven weeks’ wait for improved weather
conditions. Before leaving Hawker saw reason to exchange the
four-bladed propeller for one with two blades, and after
take-off he also dropped the under cart, the idea being to
reduce the load as well as cut down the air resistance. But
predictions went astray and the inclemency of the day sent winds
from the north instead of the anticipated north-easterlies. Thus
they were blown 150 miles off course; ‘fog, cloudbank and ice
formation on the wings added to the dilemma of the trip’; then
an over heated radiator forced them to fly in search of a ship
with a view to ‘ditching’ the machine. A two and a half hour
search found the ‘Mary’ which was bound for Lentland Firth from
the Gulf of Mexico, and Hawker set down on the sea about a mile
in advance of the ship and awaited rescue.
There seemed to be a jinx on Hawker as far as prizes offered by
the Daily Mail were concerned. Just as misfortune had cost him
the chance of winning the prize for the flight around England in
earlier years, history had repeated itself in the Daily Mail
£10,000 Atlantic offer. Hawker might well have waited for better
weather conditions when he arrived at the flying base near St
Johns aboard the S.S. Digby had it not been for the British
pride that was part of his make up. Two days before he decided
to set out on his venture he had been informed of three American
flying boats, the NC1, 3 and 4, having left Newfoundland and
arriving at Portugal. He accepted the American rivalry as a
challenge and took off prematurely, only to become reported as
‘missing at sea’ while the American NC4 in the meantime went on
to claim and win the £10,000.
The evening paper on Sundays was the ‘Sunday Telegram’, and
through its columns England learned of Hawker’s safety. The
‘Mary’ had picked up Hawker and Grieve, but had left the Sopwith
to the mercy of ‘Davey Jones’, and perhaps it was adding insult
to injury that the Americans picked up the floating ‘Atlantic’
and carried it aboard ‘Lake Charlottesville’ to Falmouth. In the
meantime Hawker was transferred to a British destroyer as a
guest of the Royal Navy. Leaving the ship with it reached
Scotland, he and Grieve began their train journey to London
which began with massive crowds turning out to cheer them on
their way. Later in May both the airmen were called to
Buckingham Palace where King George V, a keen admirer, presented
them with a new award, as jointly they became the first
recipients of the Air Force Cross.
But with the war over there were difficult times ahead for the
Sopwith Company, which in 1920 went out of business. Hawker’s
name came into prominence when, with the aid of his former
Sopwith colleagues, the H.G.Hawker Engineering Company was
formed. Hawker filled in his time during the next few months by
participating in motor racing events as well as flying. But on
July 12, 1921, the tragedy that shocked an empire came suddenly
when a Nieuport ‘Goshawk’ in which Hawker was flying caught fire
in the air. Hawker remained skilful to the end. Although badly
burnt he managed to extinguish the fire and was attempting a
forced landing when the plane hit the ground and threw him clear
of the machine; but with the burns and possibly because of the
added injuries he received in impact. Hawker lived for only a
few minutes.
Unveiling a plaque to honour Harry Hawker at the Moorabbin
Primary School. Cr D Blackburn (left) Mr Wheeler of Hawker de
Havilland, Tom Sheehy and Mr Shannon with Alan Biggs, Graeme
Wilson, Robert Wheelar, Guy Coape-Smith, Robert Ellis and David
Clottu, 1966. Leader Collection.
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